Syringomyelia (SM) Explained for Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Syringomyelia (SM) is a neurological condition that occurs more commonly in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels than in almost any other dog breed. While the diagnosis can sound frightening, it's important to understand that not every Cavalier develops clinical signs, and many affected dogs continue to enjoy a good quality of life with appropriate veterinary care.
SM is closely associated with Chiari-like Malformation (CM), a structural abnormality of the skull that can alter the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In some dogs, these changes lead to the formation of fluid-filled cavities, known as syrinxes, within the spinal cord.
This article explains what Syringomyelia is, how it is diagnosed, the symptoms to watch for, available treatment options and why responsible breeding remains one of the most important long-term strategies for reducing its prevalence.
What Is Syringomyelia?
Syringomyelia is a condition in which fluid-filled cavities, called syrinxes, develop within the spinal cord. These cavities form when the normal movement of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord is disrupted. As a syrinx enlarges, it may place pressure on the surrounding nerve tissue, leading to pain and neurological signs.
The severity of symptoms varies greatly. Some dogs remain symptom-free throughout their lives, while others experience chronic pain or neurological impairment.
What Causes Syringomyelia?
In Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Syringomyelia is most commonly associated with Chiari-like Malformation (CM).
With CM, the back of the skull is slightly too small for the brain. This alters the normal circulation of cerebrospinal fluid between the brain and spinal cord. Over time, abnormal fluid movement may contribute to the development of syrinxes within the spinal cord. Not every dog with Chiari-like Malformation develops Syringomyelia, and not every dog with Syringomyelia experiences clinical signs. Researchers believe that both genetic and anatomical factors contribute to the development of the disease.
Common Symptoms of Syringomyelia
The signs of Syringomyelia vary considerably between individual dogs.
Common symptoms include:
Neck pain or stiffness
Sensitivity when touched around the head, neck or shoulders
Phantom scratching (scratching towards the neck or shoulder without making skin contact)
Facial rubbing
Frequent head shaking
Reluctance to jump onto furniture or climb stairs
Crying out unexpectedly
Difficulty settling comfortably
Weakness or reduced coordination
Changes in behaviour due to chronic pain
Symptoms may worsen during excitement, exercise or changes in temperature.
What Is Phantom Scratching?
One of the most recognisable signs of Syringomyelia is phantom scratching. Instead of scratching the skin, affected dogs repeatedly scratch towards the neck or shoulder while their paw appears to miss the body. This behaviour is believed to result from abnormal nerve sensations rather than skin irritation. However, phantom scratching can occasionally have other causes, so veterinary assessment is essential.
How Is Syringomyelia Diagnosed?
The only reliable way to diagnose Syringomyelia is with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
MRI allows veterinary neurologists to:
Examine the brain
Assess Chiari-like Malformation
Detect syrinxes within the spinal cord
Evaluate the severity of disease
Rule out other neurological disorders
A neurological examination alone cannot confirm the diagnosis.
When Should You See Your Veterinarian?
Arrange a veterinary examination if your Cavalier develops:
Persistent neck pain
Phantom scratching
Unexplained yelping
Facial rubbing
Changes in coordination
Weakness
Reluctance to jump
Behavioural changes associated with pain
Your veterinarian may recommend referral to a veterinary neurologist for further assessment.
Treatment Options
There is currently no cure for Syringomyelia. Treatment focuses on reducing pain, improving quality of life and slowing progression where possible. Depending on your dog's condition, treatment may include:
Pain Management: Medications that reduce nerve pain are commonly prescribed. Your veterinarian or veterinary neurologist will determine the most appropriate medication based on your dog's clinical signs.
Anti-inflammatory Medication: In some cases, anti-inflammatory medications may be used to reduce inflammation and improve comfort.
Medications Affecting Cerebrospinal Fluid: Certain medications may be prescribed to reduce cerebrospinal fluid production, although their use depends on the individual dog's circumstances and current veterinary evidence.
Surgery: For selected cases, surgery may be recommended to improve cerebrospinal fluid flow around the brain and spinal cord. Although surgery may reduce clinical signs in some dogs, it is not appropriate for every patient and recurrence can occur. Referral to a veterinary neurologist is essential when considering surgical treatment.
Living with a Dog Diagnosed with Syringomyelia
Many Cavaliers diagnosed with Syringomyelia continue to enjoy a happy and fulfilling life.
Owners can support their dog by:
Following the prescribed treatment plan
Attending regular veterinary reviews
Monitoring changes in mobility and comfort
Maintaining a healthy body weight
Avoiding activities that appear to trigger discomfort
Providing soft bedding and a calm environment
Close communication with your veterinary team is essential as treatment requirements may change over time.
Can Syringomyelia Be Prevented?
Because Syringomyelia has a strong inherited component, responsible breeding plays a crucial role in reducing its prevalence.
Many breeders include:
MRI screening
Pedigree assessment
Careful mate selection
Comprehensive health testing
No breeding programme can completely eliminate the condition, but evidence-based breeding practices aim to reduce its occurrence over successive generations.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is Syringomyelia common in Cavaliers?
Yes. Cavalier King Charles Spaniels are one of the breeds most commonly affected by Syringomyelia, although not every dog develops clinical signs.
Does every Cavalier with Chiari-like Malformation develop Syringomyelia?
No. Many Cavaliers have Chiari-like Malformation without developing syrinxes or experiencing neurological symptoms.
Can Syringomyelia be cured?
There is currently no cure. However, many dogs can be successfully managed with medication, regular veterinary care and lifestyle adjustments.
How is Syringomyelia diagnosed?
MRI is the gold standard for diagnosing Syringomyelia and assessing its severity.
Should breeding dogs undergo MRI screening?
Many responsible breeders include MRI screening as part of their health testing programme. Recommendations vary between countries, so breeders should follow the guidance of their national breed club, canine governing body and veterinary specialists.
In Conclusion…
Syringomyelia is a neurological disorder affecting the spinal cord.
It is commonly associated with Chiari-like Malformation.
Symptoms range from mild discomfort to chronic pain and neurological impairment.
MRI is the only reliable method of diagnosis.
Although there is no cure, many dogs enjoy a good quality of life with appropriate treatment.
Responsible breeding and MRI screening remain important tools for reducing the prevalence of the disease.
Related Articles
References
Rusbridge C, Knowler SP. Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Peer-reviewed veterinary publications.
Rusbridge C, et al. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Neurology. British Small Animal Veterinary Association.
European Society of Veterinary Neurology. Guidance on the diagnosis and management of Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia.
American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Consensus recommendations on neurological disorders in companion animals.
WSAVA. Global recommendations for companion animal health care.
Disclaimer
The information provided in the Cavalier Knowledge Centre is intended for general educational purposes only and is not a substitute for veterinary advice, diagnosis or treatment.